Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis. This procedure can be performed on newborn babies, older infants, children, or adults depending on medical, cultural, or personal reasons.

• Improved genital hygiene

• Reduced risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in infants

• Lower chances of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV

• Reduced risk of penile cancer (though rare overall)

• Pain or discomfort after the procedure

• Possible bleeding or infection

• Too much or too little removal of the foreskin

• Rarely, injury to the penis

• Circumcision may be done for religious, cultural, medical, or personal reasons. In some cultures, it is a traditional practice, while in others, it is performed for medical indications such as phimosis or recurrent infections.